在差不多两年的时间内,我们项目组几十来号人都扑在一个项目上面。这是一个基于微软SCSF(Smart Client Software Factory)的项目,客户端是墨尔本一家事业单位。前两周,我奉命负责对某个模块进行Code Review工作,在此期间,发现了一些问题,也有了一些想法。不过,有些想法可能还不是很成熟,不能完全保证其正确性,有机会写出来讨论一下。今天来说说关于MVP的一些想法。

一、简单讲讲MVP是什么玩意儿
如果从层次关系来讲,MVP属于Presentation层的设计模式。对于一个UI模块来说,它的所有功能被分割为三个部分,分别通过Model、View和Presenter来承载。Model、View和Presenter相互协作,完成对最初数据的呈现和对用户操作的响应,它们具有各自的职责划分。Model可以看成是模块的业务逻辑和数据的提供者;View专门负责数据可视化的呈现,和用户交互事件的相对应。一般地,View会实现一个相应的接口;Presenter是一般充当Model和View的纽带。

MVP具有很多的变体,其中最为常用的一种变体成为Passive View(被动视图)。对于Passive View,Model、View和Presenter之间的关系如下图所示。View和Modell之间不能直接交互,View通过Presenter与Model打交道。Presenter接受View的UI请求,完成简单的UI处理逻辑,并调用Model进行业务处理,并调用View将相应的结果反映出来。View直接依赖Presenter,但是Presenter间接依赖View,它直接依赖的是View实现的接口。关于MVP和Passive View基本的常识性东西,不是本篇文章论述的重点,对此不清楚的读者相信可以Google出很多相关的资料来,所以在这里就再多做介绍了。

浅析MVP模式中V-P交互问题及案例分享

二、Passive View模式的基本特征总结

Passive View,顾名思义,View是被动的。那么主动是谁呢?答案是Presenter。对于Presenter的主动性,我个人是这么理解的:

"codetitle">复制代码 代码如下:
 using System;
 using System.ComponentModell;
 using System.Windows.Forms;
 namespace MVPDemo
 {
     public class ViewBase: Form
     {
         private object _presenter;

         public ViewBase()
         {
             _presenter = this.CreatePresenter();
         }

         protected virtual object CreatePresenter()
         {
             if (LicenseManager.CurrentContext.UsageModel == LicenseUsageModel.Designtime)
             {
                 return null;
             }
             else
             {
                 throw new NotImplementedException(string.Format("{0} must override the CreatePresenter method.", this.GetType().FullName));
             }
         }      
     }
 }

然后,我们也为所有的Presenter创建基类Presenter<IView>,泛型类型IView表示具体View实现的接口。表示View的同名只读属性在构造函数中赋值,赋值完成之后调用调用虚方法OnViewSet。具体的Presenter可以重写该方法进行对View进行事件注册工作。但是需要注意的是,Presenter的创建是在ViewBase的构造函数中通过调用CreatePresenter方法实现,所以执行OnViewSet的时候,View本身还没有完全初始化,所以在此不能对View的控件进行操作。

复制代码 代码如下:
 namespace MVPDemo
 {
     public class Presenter<IView>
     {
         public IView View { get; private set; }

         public Presenter(IView view)
         {
             this.View = view;
             this.OnViewSet();
         }
         protected virtual void OnViewSet()
         { }
     }
 }

由于,Presenter是通过接口的方式与View进行交互的。在这里,由于View通过Form的形式体现,有时候我们要通过这个接口访问Form的一些属性、方法和事件,需要将相应的成员定义在接口上面,比较麻烦。此时,我们可以选择将这些成员定义在一个接口中,具体View的接口继承该接口就可以了。在这里,我们相当是为所有的View接口创建了“基接口”。作为演示,我现在了Form的三个事件成员定义在街口IViewBase中。

复制代码 代码如下:
 using System;
 using System.ComponentModell;
 namespace MVPDemo
 {
    public interface IViewBase
     {
        event EventHandler Load;
        event EventHandler Closed;
        event CancelEventHandler Closing;
     }
 }

五、实例演示

上面我通过定义基类和接口为整个编程模型搭建了一个框架,现在我们通过一个具体的例子来介绍该编程模型的应用。我们采用的是一个简单的Windows Forms应用,模拟管理客户信息的场景,逻辑很简单:程序启动的时候显示出所有的客户端列表;用户选择某一客户端,将响应的信息显示在TextBox中以供编辑;对客户端信息进行相应修改之后,点击OK按钮进行保存。整个操作界面如下图所示:


浅析MVP模式中V-P交互问题及案例分享

首先,我们创建实体类Customer,简单起见,仅仅包含四个属性:Id、FirstName、LastName和Address:

复制代码 代码如下:
 using System;
 namespace MVPDemo
 {
     public class Customer: ICloneable
     {
         public string Id
         { get; set; }

         public string FirstName
         { get; set; }

         public string LastName
         { get; set; }

         public string Address
         { get; set; }      

         object ICloneable.Clone()
         {
             return this.Clone();
         }

         public Customer Clone()
         {
             return new Customer {
                 Id          = this.Id,
                 FirstName   = this.FirstName,
                 LastName    = this.LastName,
                 Address     = this.Address
             };
         }
     }
 }

然后,为了真实模拟MVP三种角色,特意创建一个CustomerModel类型,实际上在真实的应用中,并没有单独一个类型来表示Model。CustomerModel维护客户列表,体统相关的查询和更新操作。CustomerModel定义如下:

复制代码 代码如下:
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 namespace MVPDemo
 {
     public class CustomerModel
     {
         private IList<Customer> _customers = new List<Customer>{
             new Customer{ Id = "001", FirstName = "San", LastName = "Zhang", Address="Su zhou"},
             new Customer{ Id = "002", FirstName = "Si", LastName = "Li", Address="Shang Hai"}
         };

         public void UpdateCustomer(Customer customer)
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < _customers.Count; i++)
             {
                 if (_customers[i].Id == customer.Id)
                 {
                     _customers[i] = customer;
                     break;
                 }
             }
         }

         public Customer GetCustomerById(string id)
         {
             var customers = from customer in _customers
                             where customer.Id == id
                             select customer.Clone();
             return customers.ToArray<Customer>()[0];
         }

         public Customer[] GetAllCustomers()
         {
             var customers = from customer in _customers
                             select customer.Clone();
             return customers.ToArray<Customer>();
         }
     }
 }

接着,我们定义View的接口ICustomerView。ICustomerView定义了两个事件,CustomerSelected在用户从Gird中选择了某个条客户记录是触发,而CustomerSaving则在用户完成编辑点击OK按钮视图提交修改时触发。ICustomerView还定义了View必须完成的三个基本操作:绑定客户列表(ListAllCustomers);显示单个客户信息到TextBox(DisplayCustomerInfo);保存后清空可编辑控件(Clear)。

复制代码 代码如下:
 using System;
 namespace MVPDemo
 {
     public interface ICustomerView : IViewBase
     {
         event EventHandler<CustomerEventArgs> CustomerSelected;

         event EventHandler<CustomerEventArgs> CustomerSaving;

         void ListAllCustomers(Customer[] customers);

         void DisplayCustomerInfo(Customer customer);

         void Clear();
     }
 }

事件参数的类型CustomerEventArgs定义如下,两个属性CustomerId和Customer分别代表客户ID和具体的客户,它们分别用于上面提到的CustomerSelected和CustomerSaving事件。

复制代码 代码如下:
 using System;
 namespace MVPDemo
 {
     public class CustomerEventArgs : EventArgs
     {
         public string CustomerId
         { get; set; }

         public Customer Customer
         { get; set; }
     }
 }

而具体的Presenter定义在如下的CustomerPresenter类型中。在重写的OnViewSet方法中注册View的三个事件:Load事件中调用Model获取所有客户列表,并显示在View的Grid上;CustomerSelected事件中通过事件参数传递的客户ID调用Model获取相应的客户信息,显示在View的可编辑控件上;CustomerSaving则通过事件参数传递的被更新过的客户信息,调用Model提交更新。

复制代码 代码如下:
 using System.Windows.Forms;

 namespace MVPDemo
 {  
     public class CustomerPresenter: Presenter<ICustomerView>
     {
         public CustomerModel Model
         { get; private set; }

         public CustomerPresenter(ICustomerView view)
             : base(view)
         {
             this.Model = new CustomerModel();
         }

         protected override void OnViewSet()
         {
             this.View.Load += (sender, args) =>
                 {
                     Customer[] customers = this.Model.GetAllCustomers();
                     this.View.ListAllCustomers(customers);
                     this.View.Clear();
                 };
             this.View.CustomerSelected += (sender, args) =>
                 {
                     Customer customer = this.Model.GetCustomerById(args.CustomerId);
                     this.View.DisplayCustomerInfo(customer);
                 };
             this.View.CustomerSaving += (sender, args) =>
                 {
                     this.Model.UpdateCustomer(args.Customer);
                     Customer[] customers = this.Model.GetAllCustomers();
                     this.View.ListAllCustomers(customers);
                     this.View.Clear();
                     MessageBox.Show("The customer has been successfully updated!", "Successfully Update", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
                 };
         }      
     }
 }

对于具体的View来说,仅仅需要实现ICustomerView,并处理响应控件事件即可(主要是用户从Grid中选择某个记录触发的RowHeaderMouseClick事件,以及点击OK的事件)。实际上不需要View亲自处理这些事件,而仅仅需要触发相应的事件,让事件订阅者(Presenter)来处理就可以了。此外还需要重写CreatePresenter方法完成对CustomerPresenter的创建。CustomerView定义如下:

复制代码 代码如下:
 using System;
 using System.Windows.Forms;

 namespace MVPDemo
 {
     public partial class CustomerView : ViewBase, ICustomerView
     {
         public CustomerView()
         {
             InitializeComponent();           
         }

         protected override object CreatePresenter()
         {
             return new CustomerPresenter(this);
         }

         #region ICustomerView Members

         public event EventHandler<CustomerEventArgs> CustomerSelected;

         public event EventHandler<CustomerEventArgs> CustomerSaving;

         public void ListAllCustomers(Customer[] customers)
         {
             this.dataGridViewCustomers.DataSource = customers;
         }

         public void DisplayCustomerInfo(Customer customer)
         {
             this.buttonOK.Enabled = true;
             this.textBoxId.Text = customer.Id;
             this.textBox1stName.Text = customer.FirstName;
             this.textBoxLastName.Text = customer.LastName;
             this.textBoxAddress.Text = customer.Address;
         }

         public void Clear()
         {
             this.buttonOK.Enabled       = false;
             this.textBox1stName.Text    = string.Empty;
             this.textBoxLastName.Text   = string.Empty;
             this.textBoxAddress.Text    = string.Empty;
             this.textBoxId.Text         = string.Empty;
         }

         #endregion

         protected virtual void OnCustomerSelected(string customerId)
         {
             var previousId = this.textBoxId.Text.Trim();
             if (customerId == previousId)
             {
                 return;
             }
             if(null != this.CustomerSelected)
             {
                 this.CustomerSelected(this, new CustomerEventArgs{ CustomerId = customerId});
             }
         }

         protected virtual void OnCustomerSaving(Customer customer)
         {
             if(null != this.CustomerSaving)
             {
                 this.CustomerSaving(this, new CustomerEventArgs{ Customer = customer});
             }
         }

         private void dataGridViewCustomers_RowHeaderMouseClick(object sender, DataGridViewCellMouseEventArgs e)
         {  
             var currentRow = this.dataGridViewCustomers.Rows[e.RowIndex];
             var customerId = currentRow.Cells[0].Value.ToString();
             this.OnCustomerSelected(customerId);
         }

         private void buttonOK_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
         {
             var customer        = new Customer();
             customer.Id         = this.textBoxId.Text.Trim();
             customer.FirstName  = this.textBox1stName.Text.Trim();
             customer.LastName   = this.textBoxLastName.Text.Trim();
             customer.Address    = this.textBoxAddress.Text.Trim();
             this.OnCustomerSaving(customer);
         }
     }
 }

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