Pandas小技巧

import pandas as pd

pandas生成数据

d = {"sex": ["male", "female", "male", "female"],
 "color": ["red", "green", "blue", "yellow"],
 "age": [12, 56, 21, 31]}
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
df

sex color age 0 male red 12 1 female green 56 2 male blue 21 3 female yellow 31

数据替换–map映射

map() 会根据提供的函数对指定序列做映射。

map(function, iterable, …)

  • function – 函数
  • iterable – 一个或多个序列
d = {"male": 1, "female": 0}
df["gender"] = df["sex"].map(d)
df

sex color age gender 0 male red 12 1 1 female green 56 0 2 male blue 21 1 3 female yellow 31 0

数据清洗–replace和正则

分享pandas数据清洗技巧,在某列山使用replace和正则快速完成值的清洗

d = {"customer": ["A", "B", "C", "D"],
 "sales": [1000, "950.5RMB", "$400", "$1250.75"]}
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
df

customer sales 0 A 1000 1 B 950.5RMB 2 C $400 3 D $1250.75

sales列的数据类型不同意,为后续分析,所以需要将他的格式同统一

df["sales"] = df["sales"].replace("[$,RMB]", "", regex=True).astype("float")
df

customer sales 0 A 1000.00 1 B 950.50 2 C 400.00 3 D 1250.75

查看数据类型

df["sales"].apply(type)

0    <class 'float'>
1    <class 'float'>
2    <class 'float'>
3    <class 'float'>
Name: sales, dtype: object

数据透视表分析–melt函数

melt是逆转操作函数,可以将列名转换为列数据(columns name → column values),重构DataFrame,用法如下:

参数说明:

pandas.melt(frame, id_vars=None, value_vars=None, var_name=None, value_name=‘value', col_level=None)

  • frame:要处理的数据集。
  • id_vars:不需要被转换的列名。
  • value_vars:需要转换的列名,如果剩下的列全部都要转换,就不用写了。
  • var_name和value_name是自定义设置对应的列名。
  • col_level :如果列是MultiIndex,则使用此级别。

二维表格转成一维表格

d = {"district_code": [12345, 56789, 101112, 131415],
 "apple": [5.2, 2.4, 4.2, 3.6],
 "banana": [3.5, 1.9, 4.0, 2.3],
 "orange": [8.0, 7.5, 6.4, 3.9]
 }
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
df

district_code apple banana orange 0 12345 5.2 3.5 8.0 1 56789 2.4 1.9 7.5 2 101112 4.2 4.0 6.4 3 131415 3.6 2.3 3.9

df = df.melt(id_vars="district_code",
  var_name="fruit_name",
  value_name="price")
df

district_code fruit_name price 0 12345 apple 5.2 1 56789 apple 2.4 2 101112 apple 4.2 3 131415 apple 3.6 4 12345 banana 3.5 5 56789 banana 1.9 6 101112 banana 4.0 7 131415 banana 2.3 8 12345 orange 8.0 9 56789 orange 7.5 10 101112 orange 6.4 11 131415 orange 3.9

将分类中出现次数较少的值归为others

d = {"name": ['Jone', 'Alica', 'Emily', 'Robert', 'Tomas',
  'Zhang', 'Liu', 'Wang', 'Jack', 'Wsx', 'Guo'],
 "categories": ["A", "C", "A", "D", "A",
   "B", "B", "C", "A", "E", "F"]}
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
df

name categories 0 Jone A 1 Alica C 2 Emily A 3 Robert D 4 Tomas A 5 Zhang B 6 Liu B 7 Wang C 8 Jack A 9 Wsx E 10 Guo F

D、E、F 仅在分类中出现一次,A 出现次数较多。

统计出现次数,并标准化

frequencies = df["categories"].value_counts(normalize=True)
frequencies

A    0.363636
B    0.181818
C    0.181818
E    0.090909
D    0.090909
F    0.090909
Name: categories, dtype: float64

设定阈值

threshold = 0.1
small_categories = frequencies[frequencies < threshold].index
small_categories
Index(['E', 'D', 'F'], dtype='object')

替换

df["categories"] = df["categories"].replace(small_categories, "Others")
df

name categories 0 Jone A 1 Alica C 2 Emily A 3 Robert Others 4 Tomas A 5 Zhang B 6 Liu B 7 Wang C 8 Jack A 9 Wsx Others 10 Guo Others

Python小技巧

列表推导式

例如,假设我们想创建一个正方形列表,例如

squares = []
for x in range(10):
 squares.append(x**2)
squares

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

squares = list(map(lambda x: x**2, range(10)))
squares

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
squares

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

同时还可以利用if来过滤列表

[(x, y) for x in [1,2,3] for y in [3,1,4] if x != y]

[(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)]

列表推导式可以包含复杂表达式和嵌套函数

from math import pi
[str(round(pi, i)) for i in range(1, 6)]

['3.1', '3.14', '3.142', '3.1416', '3.14159']

列表推导式中的初始表达式可以是任意表达式,包括另一个列表推导式。

下面的列表推导式将对行和列进行转置

matrix = [
 [1, 2, 3, 4],
 [5, 6, 7, 8],
 [9, 10, 11, 12],
]
[[row[i] for row in matrix] for i in range(4)]

[[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]

交换变量

a = 1
b = 2
a, b = b, a
print("a = ",a)
print("b = ",b)

a =  2
b =  1

检查对象使用内存情况

sys.getsizeof()

range()函数返回的是一个类,在使用内存方面,range远比实际的数字列表更加高效

import sys
mylist = range(1,10000)
print(sys.getsizeof(mylist))

48

合并字典

从Python3.5开始,合并字典的操作更加简单

如果key重复,那么第一个字典的key会被覆盖

d1 ={"a":1,"b":2}
d2 = {"b":2,"c":4}
m = {**d1,**d2}
print(m)

{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 4}

字符串分割成列表

string = "the author is beishanla"
s = string.split(" ")
s

['the', 'author', 'is', 'beishanla']

字符串列表创建字符串

l = ["the","author","is","beishanla"]
l = " ".join(l)
l

'the author is beishanla'

Python查看图片

pip install Pillow
from PIL import Image
im = Image.open("E:/Python/00网络爬虫/Project/词云图跳舞视频/aip-python-sdk-4.15.1/pictures/img_88.jpg")
im.show()
print(im.format,im.size,im.mode)

JPEG (1920, 1080) RGB

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